Inflammation is a natural and necessary response of the immune system to protect the body from harmful stimuli, such as infections, injuries, or toxins. However, chronic low-grade inflammation can develop with aging and contribute to the development or progression of various health conditions.

12 Analytes Tested

1. ANA (Antinuclear Antibodies)
2. C-Reactive Protein
3. D-Dimer
4. Homocysteine
5. IL-1β (Interleukin-1β)
6. IL-4 (Interleukin-4)
7. IL-6 (Interleukin-6)
8. IL-10 (Interleukin-10)
9. Interferon Gamma (IFNγ)
10. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
11. RF (Rheumatoid Factor)
12. TNFα (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)

ANA (antinuclear antibodies) is a group of antibodies that target various components within the nucleus of cells. ANA testing is commonly used to help diagnose and monitor autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and other connective tissue diseases. Here’s how ANA and inflammation are interconnected:

1. Autoimmune Diseases: ANA antibodies are frequently present in individuals with autoimmune diseases, particularly those affecting connective tissues. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly recognizes self-antigens as foreign and produces antibodies against them. The presence of ANA indicates an autoimmune response, and its level can vary depending on the specific disease and its activity.

2. Inflammatory Response: Autoimmune diseases characterized by the presence of ANA are often associated with chronic inflammation. When ANA antibodies bind to self-antigens in the nucleus of cells, they can form immune complexes. These immune complexes can activate the complement system, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators and the recruitment of immune cells to the affected tissues. The sustained immune response and chronic inflammation can result in tissue damage and organ dysfunction.

3. Tissue Injury: Inflammation driven by ANA antibodies can cause tissue injury directly or indirectly. ANA-associated immune complexes can deposit in tissues, activating complement and attracting immune cells, resulting in local inflammation. Over time, this chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction, contributing to the clinical manifestations seen in autoimmune diseases.

4. Inflammatory Markers: Inflammatory markers, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), are commonly elevated in individuals with autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. While ANA testing itself is not an inflammation marker, the presence of ANA is often associated with an underlying inflammatory process.

5. Disease Monitoring: ANA levels and patterns can be used to monitor disease activity and response to treatment in certain autoimmune diseases. Changes in ANA levels may correlate with changes in inflammation and disease progression. However, it’s important to note that ANA testing alone cannot definitively diagnose or predict disease activity, as ANA can also be present in individuals without clinical signs of autoimmune disease.

   It’s crucial to interpret ANA results in the context of an individual’s clinical presentation, symptoms, and other laboratory findings. A healthcare professional, such as a rheumatologist, is best equipped to evaluate ANA results and provide an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management plan.

   If you have concerns about ANA antibodies, inflammation, or related conditions, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional who can evaluate your specific situation, perform appropriate tests, and provide personalized advice and guidance.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a biomarker that plays a crucial role in the body’s response to inflammation. It is produced by the liver and released into the bloodstream in response to certain inflammatory signals, particularly interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. CRP levels rise rapidly in the presence of inflammation and can be used as a reliable indicator of acute or chronic inflammation in the body. Here’s how CRP is related to inflammation:

1. Acute Inflammation: In response to tissue injury, infection, or other acute inflammatory processes, the immune system releases pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6. These cytokines signal the liver to produce and release CRP into the bloodstream. Within a few hours, CRP levels can increase significantly, making it a valuable marker for identifying acute inflammation.

2. Chronic Inflammation: In chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and atherosclerosis, CRP levels may remain elevated for a more extended period. Chronic inflammation is often associated with tissue damage and ongoing immune responses. Monitoring CRP levels over time can help assess the activity and severity of chronic inflammatory conditions.

3. Infection and Inflammation: Infections, whether bacterial, viral, or fungal, can trigger inflammation in the body as part of the immune response. Elevated CRP levels are commonly observed in infectious diseases, and monitoring CRP can aid in diagnosing and monitoring the course of infection.

4. Cardiovascular Health: Chronic low-grade inflammation is believed to contribute to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated CRP levels have been associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Measuring CRP can help identify individuals at higher risk and guide treatment decisions.

5. Response to Treatment: CRP levels can also be used to monitor the response to anti-inflammatory treatments. In conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, a reduction in CRP levels following treatment may indicate that the therapy is effective in controlling inflammation.

6. Surgical and Traumatic Inflammation: After surgery or severe trauma, CRP levels may increase as part of the healing process. Monitoring CRP levels in these cases can help healthcare professionals assess the recovery and potential complications.

   It’s important to note that while CRP is a valuable marker of inflammation, it is not specific to any particular disease. Elevated CRP levels can be seen in various conditions, and further evaluation is often necessary to determine the underlying cause of inflammation.

   If you have concerns about inflammation or CRP levels, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional. They can interpret CRP results in the context of your overall health and medical history, helping to guide further evaluation and appropriate management if needed.

D-dimer is a protein fragment that is produced when blood clots are broken down. It is commonly used as a marker for the presence of blood clot formation and is measured in various clinical settings, such as evaluating for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE). While D-dimer is not directly linked to inflammation, it can indirectly be affected by inflammatory processes. Here’s how D-dimer and inflammation are interconnected:

1. Coagulation and Inflammation: Inflammation and coagulation pathways are interconnected and can influence each other. Inflammatory processes can activate the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of blood clots. This activation can result from the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activation of immune cells, and endothelial cell dysfunction. Inflammatory conditions associated with increased coagulation activity can lead to elevated D-dimer levels.

2. Secondary to Tissue Damage: Inflammatory conditions that cause tissue damage, such as infections or autoimmune diseases, can lead to an increased risk of blood clot formation. The release of inflammatory mediators, damage to blood vessel walls, and altered blood flow patterns can contribute to the activation of the coagulation system. Consequently, elevated D-dimer levels can be observed as a result of this inflammatory-induced clotting.

3. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS): In severe cases of inflammation, such as in systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which can occur in response to severe infections, trauma, or certain autoimmune conditions, coagulation abnormalities can develop. This may result in an increased risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a condition characterized by widespread clotting within blood vessels, leading to organ dysfunction. Elevated D-dimer levels are commonly observed in DIC as a reflection of ongoing coagulation and fibrinolysis.

4. Monitoring Treatment Response: In some inflammatory conditions, such as autoimmune diseases or vasculitis, treatments that target inflammation can also impact coagulation activity. Monitoring D-dimer levels can help assess treatment response, as decreased D-dimer levels may indicate reduced inflammation and associated coagulation activity.

   It’s important to note that while D-dimer can be influenced by inflammatory processes, it is primarily used as a marker for blood clot formation. Interpretation of D-dimer levels should be done in the appropriate clinical context, and other factors, such as age, underlying health conditions, and medications, should be considered.

   If you have concerns about D-dimer, inflammation, or related conditions, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional who can evaluate your specific situation, perform appropriate tests, and provide personalized advice and guidance.

Homocysteine is an amino acid that is produced during the metabolism of methionine, another amino acid. Normally, homocysteine is converted into other substances through a process called remethylation or transsulfuration, and it does not accumulate in significant amounts in the bloodstream. However, abnormalities in these metabolic pathways can lead to elevated levels of homocysteine, a condition known as hyperhomocysteinemia.

Hyperhomocysteinemia has been linked to several health conditions, and it has been studied in the context of inflammation and its potential role in promoting inflammation. Here’s how homocysteine may be related to inflammation:

1. Endothelial Dysfunction: Elevated homocysteine levels have been associated with endothelial dysfunction, which refers to impaired functioning of the cells lining the blood vessels. Endothelial dysfunction is a key step in the development of atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries) and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic inflammation is also involved in the development of atherosclerosis, and hyperhomocysteinemia may contribute to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.

2. Oxidative Stress: Hyperhomocysteinemia can lead to increased oxidative stress in the body. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s ability to neutralize them with antioxidants. Excessive oxidative stress can cause cellular damage and promote inflammation.

3. Immune System Activation: Elevated homocysteine levels have been associated with immune system activation. Inflammation is a part of the immune system’s response to harmful stimuli, and dysregulation of the immune system can lead to chronic inflammation.

4. Potential Role in Chronic Inflammatory Conditions: Some studies have suggested that hyperhomocysteinemia may be associated with certain chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. However, the exact relationship between homocysteine and inflammation in these conditions is complex and not fully understood.

It’s important to note that while there is evidence suggesting a potential link between hyperhomocysteinemia and inflammation, the exact mechanisms and causative relationships are still being researched. Hyperhomocysteinemia is also associated with other health conditions, such as neurological disorders, and it is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

If you have concerns about homocysteine levels or inflammation, it’s essential to work with a healthcare professional who can interpret your test results and provide appropriate guidance and treatment if needed. Lifestyle modifications, such as maintaining a balanced diet, getting regular exercise, and managing other risk factors for inflammation and cardiovascular diseases, are important components of overall health and well-being.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in immune responses and the regulation of inflammation. Here’s how IL-1 and inflammation are interconnected:

1. Immune Cell Activation: IL-1 is produced by various immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes, in response to infection, tissue damage, or immune activation. It acts as a signaling molecule, binding to specific receptors on target cells and stimulating the activation and proliferation of immune cells. IL-1 plays a crucial role in initiating and amplifying immune responses, including inflammation.

2. Inflammatory Response: IL-1 is one of the primary mediators of the acute inflammatory response. It promotes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and attracts immune cells to the site of inflammation. IL-1 stimulates the release of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), amplifying the inflammatory response.

3. Immune Cell Recruitment: IL-1 plays a role in recruiting immune cells to the site of inflammation. It enhances the adhesion of immune cells to the blood vessel walls and promotes the migration of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes to the inflamed tissues. This recruitment of immune cells is essential for the elimination of pathogens and the initiation of the immune response.

4. Fever and Acute Phase Response: IL-1 is a key mediator of fever, a characteristic response to infection or inflammation. It acts on the hypothalamus to increase body temperature, helping to combat pathogens and enhance immune responses. IL-1 is also involved in the acute phase response, a systemic reaction to inflammation characterized by fever, changes in the levels of acute-phase proteins, and alterations in metabolic and hematological parameters.

5. Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Elevated levels of IL-1 are observed in various chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and gout. In these conditions, sustained production of IL-1 contributes to the perpetuation of inflammation, tissue damage, and the development of systemic symptoms.

6. Therapeutic Target: Due to its prominent role in inflammation, IL-1 has been targeted for therapeutic interventions. Drugs that block the action of IL-1 or its receptors, such as interleukin-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1RA) and IL-1 antibodies, are used in the treatment of certain inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and autoinflammatory diseases.

   Understanding the role of IL-1 in inflammation is important for evaluating immune responses, diagnosing inflammatory conditions, and developing targeted therapies. However, it’s important to note that IL-1 has diverse functions in the body, including roles in normal physiological processes, such as cell growth and tissue repair.

   If you have concerns about IL-1, inflammation, or related conditions, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional who can evaluate your specific situation, perform appropriate tests, and provide personalized advice and guidance.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a significant role in immune responses and the regulation of inflammation. Here’s how IL-6 and inflammation are interconnected:

1. Immune Cell Activation: IL-6 is produced by various immune cells, such as macrophages, T cells, and B cells, in response to infection, tissue injury, or immune activation. It acts as a signaling molecule, binding to specific receptors on target cells and stimulating the activation and proliferation of immune cells. IL-6 plays a crucial role in initiating and orchestrating immune responses, including inflammation.

2. Inflammatory Response: IL-6 is a key mediator of the acute-phase response, which is the early phase of inflammation. It stimulates the production of acute-phase proteins by the liver, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A (SAA). These proteins contribute to the inflammatory process by promoting vasodilation, increasing vascular permeability, and recruiting immune cells to the site of inflammation.

3. Cytokine Cascade: IL-6 acts as a central player in a cascade of cytokines involved in inflammation. It stimulates the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), which further amplify the inflammatory response. IL-6 is also involved in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, including T cells and B cells, leading to their participation in the inflammatory process.

4. Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Elevated levels of IL-6 are observed in various chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In these conditions, sustained production of IL-6 contributes to the perpetuation of inflammation, tissue damage, and the development of systemic symptoms.

5. Fever and Acute Phase Response: IL-6 plays a role in the induction of fever, a characteristic response to infection or inflammation. It acts on the hypothalamus, promoting the release of prostaglandins that reset the body’s temperature set-point. Additionally, IL-6 is involved in the acute phase response, which is a systemic reaction to inflammation characterized by fever, increased heart rate, and changes in the levels of acute-phase proteins.

6. Therapeutic Target: Due to its prominent role in inflammation, IL-6 has been targeted for therapeutic interventions. Drugs that block the action of IL-6 or its receptor, such as tocilizumab, are used in the treatment of certain inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and cytokine release syndrome associated with certain cancers and immunotherapies.

   Understanding the role of IL-6 in inflammation is important for evaluating immune responses, diagnosing inflammatory conditions, and developing targeted therapies. However, it’s important to note that IL-6 has diverse functions in the body, including roles in normal physiological processes, such as hematopoiesis and tissue regeneration.

   If you have concerns about IL-6, inflammation, or related conditions, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional who can evaluate your specific situation, perform appropriate tests, and provide personalized advice and guidance.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine with potent anti-inflammatory properties and plays a crucial role in limiting the immune response to pathogens, thus preventing damage to the host from excessive inflammation. IL-10 is produced by a variety of cell types, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Anti-inflammatory Functions:
IL-10 functions primarily as an inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-3, TNFα, and GM-CSF produced by cells such as activated macrophages and Th1 T cells. By doing so, IL-10:

Inhibits the Synthesis of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines:
It can directly suppress the expression of these cytokines at the transcriptional level.

Downregulates Antigen Presentation:
IL-10 can reduce the expression of MHC class II antigens and co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which decreases the activation of T cells.

Modulates Macrophage Function:
IL-10 alters macrophage function, switching their phenotype from a pro-inflammatory state (often termed M1 macrophages) to an anti-inflammatory or “healing” state (M2 macrophages).

Regulatory Role:
IL-10 is essential for regulating the immune system’s response, ensuring that the activation of effector T cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines do not escalate uncontrollably, which could lead to chronic inflammation and tissue damage.

Clinical Significance:
Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, IL-10 has been of interest for therapeutic use in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Recombinant IL-10 has been tested in clinical trials for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease, although with varying results.

Balance of Cytokines:
The activity of IL-10 is part of a complex network of cytokine interactions. An imbalance, either a deficiency or an excess, can lead to pathological conditions. For example, a lack of IL-10 activity can result in unchecked inflammation and autoimmunity, while excessive IL-10 can lead to persistent infections due to insufficient immune response.

In summary, IL-10 is a key regulator of inflammatory processes, critical for maintaining immune homeostasis. Its role in mitigating excessive immune reactions makes it an important molecule for the potential treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.

Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a cytokine that plays a critical role in innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and malignant cells. It is an important activator of macrophages and inducer of the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules, enhancing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes.

Activation of Immune Cells
IFNγ is produced predominantly by natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells as part of the innate immune response, and by CD4 Th1 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells once antigen-specific immunity develops. By activating these immune cells, IFNγ helps to coordinate a more effective immune response.

Macrophage Activation

One of the key functions of IFNγ is the activation of macrophages. Activated macrophages are more efficient in phagocytosis and are also able to present antigens to T cells more effectively. Moreover, they produce more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), which are important for killing intracellular pathogens but can also contribute to tissue damage and inflammation.

Upregulation of MHC Molecules
IFNγ induces the expression of MHC class I and II molecules on the surface of cells, increasing antigen presentation capabilities and thus the immune response’s ability to target infected or malignant cells. This is important in the immune system’s ability to recognize and respond to pathogens but can also lead to increased inflammation.

Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases
While IFNγ has important protective roles, it can also contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. High levels of IFNγ are associated with a number of such conditions, where it can perpetuate inflammation and tissue injury. For example, in diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and certain types of arthritis, IFNγ exacerbates inflammation and can worsen the disease process.

Therapeutic Target
Due to its central role in inflammation, IFNγ is a target for therapeutic intervention in diseases where its production is dysregulated. Inhibiting IFNγ or its signaling pathways can be beneficial in certain autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. On the other hand, IFNγ or its inducers can be used therapeutically in some types of infections and cancers to boost the immune response.

In conclusion, IFNγ is a multifaceted cytokine with potent immunoregulatory functions. Its role in inflammation is complex; it is crucial for defending against various diseases but can also contribute to pathological inflammation if its activity is not properly regulated. Understanding the balance of IFNγ’s actions is important in designing therapies for various diseases, especially those with an inflammatory component.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that are generated as byproducts of normal cellular metabolism, as well as during inflammation and immune responses. While ROS play important roles in cell signaling and host defense, their excessive or uncontrolled production can contribute to inflammation. Here’s how ROS and inflammation are interconnected:

1. ROS as Signaling Molecules: In low to moderate concentrations, ROS can act as signaling molecules involved in various cellular processes, including inflammation. ROS can regulate the activation and migration of immune cells, gene expression, and cytokine production. They can activate redox-sensitive transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), which play key roles in initiating inflammatory responses.

2. Immune Cell Activation and ROS Production: During immune responses, immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells produce ROS as part of their antimicrobial defense mechanisms. ROS production is tightly regulated and serves to kill invading pathogens. However, excessive or dysregulated ROS production can result in collateral damage to surrounding tissues and promote inflammation.

3. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: When the balance between ROS production and the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms is disrupted, a condition known as oxidative stress occurs. Oxidative stress can arise from factors such as environmental toxins, chronic infections, and inflammation itself. Excessive ROS production and inadequate antioxidant capacity can lead to damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA, which triggers inflammatory responses and further exacerbates inflammation.

4. Inflammatory Diseases and ROS: Chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and atherosclerosis, are characterized by sustained inflammation and increased production of ROS. In these diseases, ROS contribute to tissue damage, perpetuate inflammatory responses, and promote the activation and migration of immune cells. ROS-induced oxidative stress can also lead to activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, contributing to chronic inflammation.

5. Antioxidants and Inflammation: Antioxidants, both endogenous (produced by the body) and exogenous (obtained from diet or supplements), play a crucial role in modulating ROS and inflammation. Antioxidants neutralize ROS and help maintain redox balance, thereby mitigating excessive inflammation and reducing tissue damage. Dietary sources of antioxidants, such as fruits, vegetables, and certain spices, have been associated with anti-inflammatory effects.

   It’s important to note that ROS and inflammation have complex interactions, and the roles of ROS in inflammation can vary depending on the context and specific conditions. While excessive ROS production can contribute to chronic inflammation, controlled ROS generation is essential for normal immune responses and tissue repair. Balance is crucial, and excessive ROS or antioxidant supplementation should be approached with caution.

   If you have concerns about ROS, inflammation, or related conditions, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional who can evaluate your specific situation, perform appropriate tests, and provide personalized advice and guidance.

TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in the immune system and the regulation of inflammation. Here’s how TNF-alpha and inflammation are interconnected:

1. Initiating Inflammation: TNF-alpha is one of the key cytokines that initiates and amplifies the inflammatory response. It is produced by various immune cells, such as macrophages, T cells, and natural killer cells, in response to infection, tissue injury, or immune activation. TNF-alpha acts as a signaling molecule, binding to specific receptors on target cells and triggering a cascade of inflammatory responses.

2. Immune Cell Activation: TNF-alpha plays a critical role in activating immune cells involved in the inflammatory response. It can stimulate the recruitment and activation of other immune cells, including neutrophils and monocytes, to the site of inflammation. These cells release additional inflammatory mediators, amplifying the inflammatory response and contributing to tissue damage.

3. Vasodilation and Increased Vascular Permeability: TNF-alpha can induce vasodilation, which leads to increased blood flow to the site of inflammation. It also increases vascular permeability, allowing immune cells and other inflammatory mediators to extravasate from blood vessels into tissues. These effects facilitate the delivery of immune cells and promote the migration of inflammatory cells to the site of inflammation.

4. Cytokine Production: TNF-alpha can stimulate the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These cytokines further promote inflammation by activating immune cells and inducing the production of additional inflammatory mediators.

5. Tissue Damage: Excessive or sustained production of TNF-alpha can lead to tissue damage and contribute to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory conditions. In chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease, elevated levels of TNF-alpha are observed, perpetuating inflammation and tissue destruction.

6. Therapeutic Target: Due to its central role in inflammation, TNF-alpha has become a therapeutic target. Drugs known as TNF inhibitors, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, are used to block the effects of TNF-alpha and reduce inflammation in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, and ankylosing spondylitis.

   It’s important to note that while TNF-alpha is crucial for the immune response and normal inflammatory processes, excessive or dysregulated TNF-alpha production can contribute to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Therapeutic interventions targeting TNF-alpha aim to restore the balance of inflammation and mitigate its detrimental effects.

   If you have concerns about TNF-alpha, inflammation, or related conditions, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional who can evaluate your specific situation, perform appropriate tests, and provide personalized advice and guidance.

• SST tube of blood
• Lavender top tube of Blood

7 – 10 Days

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